STS课最终的阅读书单

这个学期中很多同学管我要过这门课的书单,而我发过去的都是这门课的syllabus。不过这门课很有趣的一件事就是它的syllabus中间经过很多次的修改,尤其是书单的部分。课程中老师和学生们一直对于后面的阅读材料进行对话。而且第9周的书单完全是根据个人的兴趣决定的。不过以下就是我在这门课上读过的完整书单,供有兴趣的同学参考。其中第8周和第9周的内容和information science有非常密切的关系。

#### Week 1: Introduction to STS

Hess, D. J. (2013). Neoliberalism and the history of STS theory: Toward a reflexive sociology. Social Epistemology, 27(2), 177–193.

Fischer, M. M. (2007). Four genealogies for a recombinant anthropology of science and technology. Cultural Anthropology, 22(4), 539–615.

Franklin, S. (1995). Science as culture, cultures of science. Annual Review of Anthropology, 163–184.

Sismondo, S. (2008). Science and technology studies and an engaged program. The Handbook of Science and Technology Studies, 3, 13–32.

#### Week 2: Facts and matters

Fleck, L. (1981). Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact. University of Chicago Press.

Keller, E. F. (1995). Gender and science: Origin, history, and politics. Osiris, 10, 26–38.

Shapin, S. (1984). Pump and circumstance: Robert Boyle’s literary technology. Social Studies of Science, 14(4), 481–520.

Star, S. L., & Griesemer, J. R. (1989). Institutional ecology, translations’ and boundary objects: Amateurs and professionals in Berkeley’s Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, 1907-39. Social Studies of Science, 19(3), 387–420.

#### Week 3: Actor-network theory

Callon, M. (1984). Some elements of a sociology of translation: domestication of the scallops and the fishermen of St Brieuc Bay. The Sociological Review, 32(S1), 196–233.

Latour, B. (1987). Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society. Harvard university press. (Chapter 1-6)

Latour, B. (1996). On actor-network theory: A few clarifications. Soziale Welt, 369–381.

Law, J. (1992). Notes on the theory of the actor-network: Ordering, strategy, and heterogeneity. Systems Practice, 5(4), 379–393.

Mol, A. (1999). Ontological politics. A word and some questions. The Sociological Review, 47(S1), 74–89.

#### Week 4: Politics & Cyborg

Bijker, W. E. (1987). The social construction of Bakelite: Toward a theory of invention. The Social Construction of Technological Systems, 159–187.

Haraway, D. (2006). A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late 20th Century. In J. Weiss, A. P. J. Nolan, J. Hunsinger, & P. P. Trifonas (Eds.), The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments (pp. 117–158). Springer Netherlands.

Hughes, T. P. (1987). “The Evolution of Large Technological Systems”, pp. 51–82 in New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology. In W. Bijker, and T. J. Pinch. (Eds) The Social Construction of Technological Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Suchman, L. (2007). Human-machine reconfigurations: Plans and situated actions. Cambridge University Press. (page 24-68)

Winner, L. (1980). Do artifacts have politics? Daedalus, 121–136.

#### Week 5: Feminism (Harding, Haraway, Subramanian, Bauchspies & Bellacasa are required)

Bauchspies, W. K., & Bellacasa, M. P. de la. (2009). Feminist science and technology studies: A patchwork of moving subjectivities. An interview with Geoffrey Bowker, Sandra Harding, Anne Marie Mol, Susan Leigh Star and Banu Subramaniam. Subjectivity, 28(2009), 334–344.

Bennett, J. (2009). Vibrant matter: A political ecology of things. Duke University Press. (Chapter 7)

Haraway, D. (1988). Situated knowledges: The science question in feminism and the privilege of partial perspective. Feminist Studies, 14(3), 575–599.

Harding, S. (1992). Rethinking standpoint epistemology: What is“ strong objectivity?” The Centennial Review, 36(3), 437–470.

Subramaniam, B. (2009). Moored metamorphoses: A retrospective essay on feminist science studies. Signs, 34(4), 951–980.

#### Week 6: the Third Wave

Collins, H. M., & Evans, R. (2002). The third wave of science studies studies of expertise and experience. Social Studies of Science, 32(2), 235–296.

Collins, H. M., & Evans, R. (2003). King Canute Meets the Beach Boys: Responses to“ The Third Wave.” Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 435–452.

Jasanoff, S. (2003). Breaking the waves in science studies: Comment on HM Collins and Robert Evans,’The third wave of science studies’. Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 389–400.

Rip, A. (2003). Constructing expertise: in a third wave of Science Studies? Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 419–434.

Wynne, B. (2003). Seasick on the third wave? Subverting the hegemony of propositionalism: Response to Collins & Evans (2002). Social Studies of Science, 33(3), 401–417.

#### Week 7: Race (Read Foucault and two other pieces)

Braun, L. (2014). Breathing Race into the Machine. University of Minnesota Press. (Introduction)

Chow-White, P. A. (2012). The informationalization of race: Communication, databases, and the digital coding of the genome. Genetics and the Unsettled Past: The Collision of DNA, Race, and History, 81–103.

Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population. Springer. (Chapter 1-5 and 13)

TallBear, K. (2013). Genomic articulations of indigeneity. Social Studies of Science, 0306312713483893.

Yaszek, L. (2006). Afrofuturism, science fiction, and the history of the future. Socialism and Democracy, 20(3), 41–60.

#### Week 8: Information infrastructure and big data

Bowker, G. C., & Star, S. L. (2000). Sorting things out: Classification and its consequences. MIT press. (page 1-50)

Edwards, P., Mayernik, M. S., Batcheller, A., Bowker, G., & Borgman, C. (2011). Science friction: Data, metadata, and collaboration. Social Studies of Science.

Nelson, D. M. (2015). Who Counts?: The Mathematics of Death and Life after Genocide. Duke University Press. (Page 7-92)

Schüll, N. D. (2016). Data for life: Wearable technology and the design of self-care. BioSocieties. Retrieved from http://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/biosoc.2015.47

#### Week 9: Choose your own adventure week (My reading is assigned by the professor based on my interests in Week 8)

Edwards, P. N. (2010). A vast machine: Computer models, climate data, and the politics of global warming. Mit Press.

Fortun, K., Fortun, M., Bigras, E., Saheb, T., Costelloe-Kuehn, B., Crowder, J., … Kenner, A. (2014). Experimental Ethnography Online. Cultural Studies, 28(4), 632–642. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2014.888923

Poirier, L., DiFranzo, D., & Gloria, M. J. K. (2014). Light structure in the Platform for Experimental Collaborative Ethnography. In Web Science 2014 Workshop Interdisciplinary Coups to Calamities.

#### Week 11: Experiment and design

Fortun, K. (2009). Scaling and visualizing multi-sited ethnography. Multi-Sited Ethnography: Theory, Praxis and Locality in Contemporary Research, 73–86.

Kelty, C., & others. (2009). Collaboration, Coordination, and Composition: Fieldwork after the Internet. Fieldwork Is Not What It Used to Be, 184–206.

Murphy, K. M., & Marcus, G. E. (2013). Epilogue: Ethnography and design, ethnography in design… ethnography by design. Design Anthropology: Theory and Practice, 251–268.

Reinberger, H.-J. (1994). Experimental systems: Historiality, narration, and deconstruction. Science in Context, 7(01), 65–81.

STS课期末作业:理论的时间胶囊

之前的好几篇博客文章都在讨论这个学期(其实已经是上个学期了)的STS理论课。这篇文章要讨论一下这门课的期末作业。

在课程开始的时候,这门课的期末作业是每个人都完成一个模拟的STS博士生资格考试(qualification exam):在7天的时间里用课程里面所有的阅读材料回答2、3道问题,字数不低于10000字。不过在期末周之前,老师突然征求所有人的意见,愿不愿意做一个不同的期末作业。这个新作业的点子来自于她这个学期参加的一些实验设计项目。她希望我们全班利用我们这门课的阅读材料、一部电影(最后选的是《机械姬》)、以及我们使用这些材料进行的讨论来共同制作一个时间胶囊。以及她在邮件里写的一句话让我非常赞叹:

“Research and scholarship should be experimental rather than reproductive.” (研究和学术应当是实验性的,而不是复制性的。)

这个作业用了两次课的时间(一共6个小时)完成。首先所有人都要从这门课的所有阅读材料里面挑出20条引文。以及所有人都需要看《机械姬》这部电影,并且从这部电影里面挑出10个片段来在课堂上讨论。

在第一节课上,我们班分组在规定时间里讨论了各自收集的电影片段,并且把这些电影片段和我们每个人挑出来的引文组合成了一个完整的叙事。我们小组的叙事讨论了AI的社会构建性,比如AI如何体现了性别的社会价值并且映射了人类的思考方式。《机械姬》这部电影在这两点上都有很直接的情节。(比如在电影中,两个男主角对于AI和性别的关系有过一段很深入而且有趣的讨论,而且显然,里面所有的AI都是女性,而且继承了我们社会中对于女性形象的期待。在第二点上,AI的发明者Nathan的一句话闪闪发光:搜索引擎的背后并不是人类思考的内容,而是人类如何思考。而在他的发明中,搜索引擎就是AI的软件。Ava最后也选择了成为人类。)这两点——可以一并归结为技术物的社会性——都是STS领域很重要的主题。而在这两个主题之后,福柯和监视(surveillance)无所不在。

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上面就是我们第一节课完成的故事。

在第一节课之后,我们每个小组需要写一个对于第一节课的总结和反思。并且在第二节课之前,针对我们完成的叙事收集课堂引文、电影片段、和其他所有有关的概念和各种媒体的资源来建立一个“数据库”。(作为一个information science的从业者,我一直都对她使用的“数据库”这个词表示困惑,但是她的大意就是让我们收集这些资源本身,但是并不需要特别关注对于资源的描述。)

在第二节课上,每个小组则需要根据各自的叙事,从自己的数据库、以及这个老师临时拿过来的许多物品之间选择,来制作一个时间胶囊,送给下次上这门课的同学。每个时间胶囊都需要有一致的主题,而且需要和《机械姬》电影以及这门课的内容有直接的联系。

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上面就是我们最后完成的时间胶囊。里面的物品(artifact)如下:

题为Haraway Reader的书:Donna Haraway是我们这门课上涉及的一名很重要的研究者,她最著名的研究讨论了科学和技术如何沿袭并且重新生产了历史长达几千年的经典的“真实和虚假”以及“身体和精神”这些著名的二元论。她站在女性主义的立场上,用重新发明叙事规则的方式,提出了对于这些传统价值的更彻底的批评。而她的看法,则毫无疑问是对于《机械姬》电影中把AI技术构建在现有的性别价值这件事的有力批判。

空瓶:就像上面的性别讨论所表明的,AI(以及任何的技术发明)不可避免的映射了发明者所在的社会的价值。这个STS的基本观点是对于一个更经典的对于科学和技术的看法的反动:科学和技术是超越于社会的,而且价值无涉的。这种天真的看法就像给小孩子介绍空瓶一样:这个瓶子是空的。但其实里面充满了我们无时无刻不在呼吸的空气。

题为Objectivity的书和花:AI技术毫无疑问挑战了人类的认识论的边界。比如在电影中,AI的测试者Caleb如何知道Ava的想法到底如何呢?以及到底对于她想法的哪个阐释(Ava自己给出的以及Nathan给出的)才是对的呢?以及AI是否具有如人类一样的感情和认知呢?在不同的认识论下面,人类和AI所具有的知识也会有本质的不同吧(这是STS领域重要的预设之一:认识论立场的不同决定了不同的知识再生产)。AI将和我们有不同的对于“客观性”的定义。而任何知识,都将像这束不知真假的花一样,处于永恒的不确定的状态。

这个作业最后以一个更完整的个人反思作为结束。

我之所以专门写一篇流水账来描述我们的期末作业,最重要的原因是我觉得这个老师有着一颗课程创新的心。以及,虽然我对于这个期末作业并不是没有我自己的批评——比如虽然这是一场实验,但这其实也是一种或许更加隐秘的知识再生产的方式,而其后的预设更不容易被看到罢了——但是我依然觉得这个作业是很有效的学术训练。对我来说,这里面最重要的训练就是理论化的能力:如何把对象和理论联系到一起。这一部分让我感到特别紧张,也同时让我受益颇丰。